Evidence base

Sources and further reading

Government sources, clinical-trial registries, peer-reviewed primary research, and clearly identified program updates. Current through July 2026.

  1. 01NIDDK — Type 1 Diabetesniddk.nih.gov
  2. 02Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet — T1D facts and stagestrialnet.org
  3. 03Herold et al. — Teplizumab in relatives at riskdoi.org
  4. 04Ramos et al. — Teplizumab and beta-cell functiondoi.org
  5. 05FDA — New indication for Tzield, June 2026fda.gov
  6. 06FDA — Approval of Lantidrafda.gov
  7. 07FDA — Lantidra prescribing informationfda.gov
  8. 08NIDDK — Clinical islet transplantation studiesrepository.niddk.nih.gov
  9. 09NIH — Stem Cell Basicsstemcells.nih.gov
  10. 10NHGRI — How genome editing worksgenome.gov
  11. 11Reichman et al. — Stem-cell-derived isletsdoi.org
  12. 12Vertex — T1D portfolio update including VX-264investors.vrtx.com
  13. 13Carlsson et al. — Allogeneic beta cells without immunosuppressiondoi.org
  14. 14Sana Biotechnology — Fourteen-month UP421 follow-upir.sana.com
  15. 15Wang et al. — Chemically induced pluripotent stem-cell isletsdoi.org
  16. 16ClinicalTrials.gov — VCTX211 phase 1 studyclinicaltrials.gov
  17. 17TrialNet — T1D RELAYtrialnet.org
  18. 18Kieffer et al. — Advances in islet transplantationpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

How the evidence is handled

Peer-reviewed reports anchor claims about biological and clinical outcomes. Company releases are used only for recent follow-up or operational status and are identified as such. Conceptual illustrations support the mechanisms in the text; they are not histology or clinical imaging.